FINACC: Companies Act and disclosure

South African company law

South African company law is that body of rules which regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act.^[1] A company is a business organisation which earns income by the production or sale of goods or services. This entry also covers rules by whichpartnerships and trusts are governed in South Africa, together with (albeit in less detail) cooperatives and sole proprietorships.

A company has (but is not limited to) three distinguishing features:

1. its legal separateness from the people involved in it—specifically from its owners, called shareholders,
2. its potential immortality, and
3. its size.

Before the Industrial Revolution, companies were a relatively rare business form. Until 1844, there was no comprehensive legislation governing companies, so that they had to be incorporated by a specific Act of Parliament, or by the granting of a royal charter in Europe. Such was the case with the British East India Company in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company in 1602.

The Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 was the first piece of legislation which would be recognised as modern company law, but it was fairly limited in scope. The concept of limited liability, for instance, was not considered. This omission was remedied by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, which also introduced the suffix "Ltd" to the company name. It is still in use today.

The first South African company legislation was the Companies Act^[3] of 1926, which was based on the Transvaal Companies Act,^[4] which was in turn based on the BritishCompanies (Consolidation) Act 1908. The next major South African legislation in this area was the Companies Act^[5] of 1973, which remained in force until 31 April 2011.

The 1973 Act had over the years been amended on numerous occasions to bring it up to date; it had as a consequence, like the Income Tax Act,^[6] become unwieldy. Changes in society, and in the way the international community expects businesses to operate, also demanded the introduction of new concepts like stakeholder rights and corporate governance. The 1973 Act was seen as unnecessarily rigid; a more business-friendly approach was demanded, which would encourage entrepreneurship and thereby economic and employment growth. These factors combined to spur the enactment of new legislation.

The process of drafting the new Act was strife-ridden and "messy,"^[7] with the result that the Act which was passed by parliament, and then assented to by the President in April 2009, was found to contain numerous obvious flaws. After the ensuing uprorar, work began immediately on amending the Act, which had not yet come into force.

The result was the Companies Amendment Bill,^[8] which was introduced into the National Assembly on 27 October 2010, and which amended about half of the Act's 225 sections. A further Amendment Bill,^[9] with further corrections and changes, was published on 15 March 2011.

The Act was widely expected to come into force on 1 April 2011, but in fact did so only on 1 May 2011. (The exception to this was Chapter XIV, which is to come into force at a later date, still to be decided.)

Types of companies

The types of companies provided for and regulated by the new Act are set out in sections 8 and 11(3)(c). Broadly speaking, they comprise external companies, non-profit companies and profit companies, in which last are included state-owned companies, private companies, personal liability companies and public companies. The old distinction between "widely held companies" and "limited interest companies," introduced by section 6 of the Corporate Laws Amendment Act^[10] has been abolished by the 2008 Companies Act.

Non-profit companies

The non-profit company (NPC) is dealt with in Schedule 1 to the Act, and is regarded as a successor to the section 21 company in the 1973 Act. An NPC must be incorporated by three or more persons, and formed for a lawful purpose. That purpose must relate to the public benefit; otherwise it must have an object relating to one or more cultural or social activities, or communal or group interests. These may include the promotion of religion, arts, sciences, education, charity or recreation.

The income and property of an NPC are not distributable to its incorporators, members, directors, officers or persons related to any of these people (except to the extent permitted by item 1(3) of Schedule 1). All profits are to be applied solely to the promotion of the NPC's main object.

Upon its winding-up, deregistration or dissolution, the remaining assets of the NPC must be given or transferred to another NPC with similar objects, to be determined by the members of the association or, if they fail to do so, by a court.

An NPC is different from an NPO (non-profit organisation). An NPC may register, but is not obliged to register, as an NPO with the Registrar of NPOs. Organisations which are not companies, and therefore not NPCs (charitable trusts, for example) may also register as NPOs. The difference, in other words, is that NPOs are not limited to companies.

Profit companies

A profit company is a category of company which includes a number of sub-categories. First and foremost, a profit company is incorporated for the purpose of financial gain to its shareholders. It may be incorporated by one or more persons, or by an organ of state.

State-owned companies

A state-owned company is a new form of a company which was introduced by and must be registered in terms of the 2008 Act, and which either falls within the meaning of "state-owned enterprise," in terms of the Public Finance Management Act,^[11] or is owned by a municipality, as contemplated in the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act,^[12] and is otherwise similar to a "state-owned enterprise," as defined above. The name of a state-owned company ends with the expression "SOC Ltd."

Private companies

A private company must have at least one member. A profit company that is not state-owned, its Memorandum of Incorporation must

• prohibit it from offering any of its securities to the public; and
• restrict the transferability of its securities.

The 2008 Act initially proposed retaining the "(Pty) Ltd" designation from the 1973 Act. The first Amendment Bill deleted the "Ltd," and the second reinstated it, so that the name of a private company still ends with "(Pty) Ltd."

+++ Personal liability companies +++ The personal liability company is regarded as a successor to the section 53(b) company of the 1973 Act. This is a company

• which meets the criteria, stated already, for a private company; and
• whose Memorandum of Incorporation states that it is a personal liability company.

The directors, both past and present, are jointly and severally liable for the contractual debts and liabilities of the personal liability company. The liability of a director is limited, however, to the company's contractual debts and liabilities, and therefore does not include delictual or statutory liability.

The name of a personal liability company ends with the designation, "Incorporated" or "Inc.".

Public companies

A public company is incorporated by one or more persons associated for a lawful purpose. It may raise capital from the general public, and its shareholders enjoy free transferability of shares and interests in the company. There is a compulsory regime of disclosure for public companies.

The name of a public company ends with "Ltd."

Public versus private companies

The following are a few of the differences between public and private companies:

• The name of a private company ends with "(Pty) Ltd;" that of a public company ends with "Ltd."
• There is at least one member (i.e. shareholder) of a private company; public companies require at least seven.
• The transferability of shares is restricted for a private company, but there is free transferability of shares and interests for a public company.
• Private companies make no offer of shares to the public, but public companies, whose shares may be listed on a stock exchange, may raise capital from the general public.
• A private company need not lodge financial statements with the CIPC (formerly CIPRO, formerly the Registrar of Companies), whereas a public company must.
• Voting rights in a private company may be freely regulated in the Memorandum of Incorporation; voting rights in a public company are proportional to the number of shares the voter holds.
• A member of a public company may, but a member of a private company may not, appoint more than one proxy.
• Quorum for a general meeting of a private company is two members; for a public company, three.
• The auditor of a private company may also be the secretary or bookkeeper, but this is not permitted in a public company.

External companies

External companies are those foreign companies which carry on business or non-profit activities within the Republic of South Africa, subject to sections 23(2) and 23(2A). What constitutes "carrying on business" was radically altered by the insertion of section 23(2A) with the first Amendment Bill. The result was that the majority of foreign companies undertaking transactions or making investments in South Africa will now not be required to register as external companies.

Close corporations

Since 1 May 2011, it has been impossible to incorporate a new close corporation in South Africa. There are, however, still hundreds of thousands of close corporations in existence. They are regulated chiefly by the Close Corporations Act.^[13]

A close corporation is a juristic person distinct from its members. It enjoys perpetual succession, and its members have limited liability. It has the capacity and the powers of a natural person, and is encumbered by a minimal number of formalities. It may be formed by a single person. It does not deal in shares and share capital; instead, there are "members' interests," which are determined as a percentage of ownership.

There are, with close corporations, no strict rules relating to the maintenance of capital, and they also enjoy flexibility in the arrangement of their internal relationships. There are no directors: All members have an equal say, but they carry the risk of personal liability. The fiduciary duties and duties of care and skill are codified, and the accounting and disclosure provisions are less extensive for a close corporation than for, say, a public company.

Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a single-owner enterprise. Its owner must be a living natural person, but need not have legal capacity. There are certain restrictions, however, for unrehabilitated insolvents.

Partnerships

A partnership is a relationship between people, arising out of an agreement. Cohabiting couples, partners in crime and attorneys supply examples of the word's common usage. In a legal and commercial sense, "partnership" refers to an association of two or more persons who carry on as co-owners of a business for profit.^[26]

Cooperatives

A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned enterprise, democratically controlled, and organised and operated on co-operative principles.^[27]

Trusts

A trust exists whenever someone is bound to hold and administer property on behalf of another, and not for the benefit of the holder.^[28]

Disclosure

Disclosure is the provision of information by a company's management in line with requirements such as generally accepted accounting principles and Securities and Exchange Commission rules,^[1][2] where the information is believed to be relevant to the decision-making of users of the company's annual reports.^[2]

Disclosure is carried out by many companies,^[1] although the extent and type of disclosure differs by geographic region, industry, and company size.^[3] The extent of disclosure is also affected by the firm's corporate governance structure^[3][4] and ownership structure;^[4] in particular, research has found that top executives have a significant influence on their firms' disclosures, and that managers have unique disclosure styles related to their personal backgrounds including their career paths and experience.^[5]

Disclosure has also been identified as an important area in financial reporting research.^[3]

Disclosure benefits investors, companies and the economy; for example, it helps investors make better capital allocation decisions and lowers firms' cost of capital, the latter of which also benefits the general economy.^[1][2] It may also reduce conflicts of interest in widely held firms.^[6]

Disclosure is also affected by shareholder demands; for example 60 percent of the companies on the S&P 100 adopted voluntary disclosure policies in response to shareholder demand for information on corporate political spending.^[7]

Firms, however, balance the benefits of disclosure against the costs, which may include the cost of procuring the information to be disclosed, and decreased competitive advantage.^[1][2]

Disclosures can include strategic information such as company characteristics and strategy, non-financial information such socially responsible practices, and financial information such as stock price information.^[2] The Financial Accounting Standards Board classified disclosures into the six categories below,^[1] while Meek, Roberts and Gray (1995) classified them into three major groups: strategic, non-financial and financial information.^[2]

Business data

For example, a breakdown of market share growth and information on new products.

Analysis of business data

For example, trend analyses and comparisons with competitors.

Forward-looking information

For example, sales forecast breakdowns and plans for expansion.

Information about management and shareholders

For example, information on stockholders and creditors, and shareholding breakdowns.

Company background

For example, product descriptions and long-term objectives.

Information about intangible assets

For example, research and development and customer relations.^[1]